Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until its peaceful dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on 1 January 1993.
From 1939 to 1945, following its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, the state did not de facto exist but its government-in-exile continued to operate. On 29 June 1945, a treaty was signed between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union, ceding Carpatho-Ukraine to the USSR.
From 1948 to 1990 Czechoslovakia was part of the communist Warsaw Pact and had a command or planned economy. A period of political liberalization in 1968, known as the Prague Spring, was forcibly ended when several other Warsaw Pact countries invaded. In 1989, as communism was ending all over Europe, Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their government in the Velvet Revolution; socialist price controls were removed after a period of preparation. A few years afterwards, in 1993 the country was separated into two sovereign states, again peacefully.
1918–1938: A democratic republic.
1938–1939: After annexation of Sudetenland by Germany in 1938, the region gradually turned into a state with loosened connections among the Czech, Slovak, and Ruthenian parts. A large strip of southern Slovakia and Carpatho-Ukraine was annexed by Hungary, and the Zaolzie region was annexed by Poland.
1939–1945: The region split into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the Slovak Republic. A government-in-exile continued to exist in London, supported by the United Kingdom, United States and its Allies; after the German invasion of Russia, it was also recognised by the USSR. Czechoslovakia adhered to the Declaration by United Nations and was a founding member of the United Nations.
1946–1948: The country was governed by a coalition government with communist ministers, including the prime minister and the minister of interior. Carpathian Ruthenia was ceded to the USSR.
1948–1989: The country became a communist state with a centrally planned economy. In 1960, the country officially became a socialist republic.
1969–1990: The federal republic consisted of the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic.
1990–1992: The federal democratic republic consisted of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic.
Turkey used this as a pretext to invade the northern portion of the island. Turkish forces remained after a cease-fire, resulting in the partition of the island; an objective of Turkey since 1955.
The intercommunal violence and subsequent Turkish invasion led to the displacement of over 150,000 Greek Cypriots and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots,and the establishment of a separate Turkish Cypriots political entity in the north. These events and the resulting political situation are matters of ongoing dispute.
The Republic of Cyprus has de jure sovereignty over the island of Cyprus and its surrounding waters, except for the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, administered as Sovereign Base Areas.
However, the Republic of Cyprus is de facto partitioned into two main parts; the area under the effective control of the Republic, comprising about 59% of the island's area, and the Turkish-controlled area in the north, calling itself the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and recognised only by Turkey, covering about 36% of the island's area. The international community considers the northern part of the island as occupied territory of the Republic of Cyprus by Turkish forces.
Cyprus is a major tourist destination in the Mediterranean. An advanced, high-income economy with a very high Human Development Index, the Republic of Cyprus was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement until it joined the European Union on 1 May 2004.
On 1 January 2008, the Republic of Cyprus joined the Eurozone.
Face value | Family number | English name | Scientific name
1938.01
25.01.1938
Sokol
50h
105
Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus
1k
105
Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus
= 50h
1954.01
10.12.1954
Czechoslovak architecture
3v set
30h
65
Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus
3k
65
Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus
1955.01
28.03.1955
Cities, airmail
5v set
80h
185
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica
2.35k
105
Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus
1955.02
08.08.1955
Animals and insects
5v set
35h
14
Grey Partridge Perdix perdix
1959.01
16.11.1959
Birds
20h
104
Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major
30h
179
Eurasian Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus
40h
212
Eurasian Nuthatch Sitta europaea
60h
159
Eurasian Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus
80h
232
European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis
1k
232
Eurasian Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula
1.20k
88
Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis
1960.01
24.10.1960
Water birds
25h
26
Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax
30h
21
Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus
40h
57
Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus
60h
26
Grey Heron Ardea cinerea
1k
9
Greylag Goose Anser anser
1.60k
9
Mallard Anas platyrhynchos
1964.01
10.07.1964
Red Cross congress
60h
65
Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus
1964.02
16.11.1964
Birds
30h
219
Common Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus
60h
104
European Green Woodpecker Picus viridis
80h
232
Hawfinch Coccothraustes coccothraustes
1k
104
Black Woodpecker Dryocopus martius
1.20k
219
European Robin Erithacus rubecula
1.60k
86
European Roller Coracias garrulus
1965.01
20.06.1965
Dogs
6v set
60h
14
Common Pheasant Phasianus colchicus
1965.02
20.09.1965
Mountain birds
30h
57
Eurasian Dotterel Charadrius morinellus
60h
213
Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria
1.20k
232
Common Redpoll Acanthis flammea
1.40k
37
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos
1.60k
218
Ring Ouzel Turdus torquatus
2k
163
Spotted Nutcracker Nucifraga caryocatactes
1966.01
08.12.1966
Art
5v set
1k
74
Snowy Owl Bubo scandiacus
1967.01
20.02.1967
Water birds
30h
63
Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa
40h
9
Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata
60h
26
Purple Heron Ardea purpurea
80h
180
Eurasian Penduline Tit Remiz pendulinus
1k
56
Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta
1.40k
24
Black Stork Ciconia nigra
1.60k
9
Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula
1971.01
17.08.1971
World hunting exhibition
6v set
20h
14
Common Pheasant Phasianus colchicus
1972.01
15.12.1972
Songbirds
60h
72
Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus
80h
72
Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus
1k
163
Eurasian Magpie Pica pica
1.60k
232
Eurasian Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula
2k
232
European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis
3k
218
Song Thrush Turdus philomelos
1974.01
21.02.1974
Czechoslovak graphic art
4v set
1.60k
218
Common Blackbird Turdus merula
1976.01
03.11.1976
Dvurkralove wildlife park
6v set
20h
26
Western Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis
1977.01
09.09.1977
Children's book illustrators
5v set
2k
22
Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus
3k
185
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica
1983.01
28.04.1983
Nature protection
6v set
2k
232
Red Crossbill Loxia curvirostra
3.60k
26
Grey Heron Ardea cinerea
1985.01
18.12.1985
Stamp day
1k
26
Grey Heron Ardea cinerea
1986.01
18.09.1986
Owls
50h
74
Eurasian Eagle-Owl Bubo bubo
2k
74
Long-eared Owl Asio otus
3k
74
Tawny Owl Strix aluco
4k
73
Western Barn Owl Tyto alba
5k
74
Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus
1989.01
17.07.1989
Endangered species
1k
37
White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla
1989.02
18.12.1989
Stamp day, stamp on stamp
1938.01
1k
105
Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus
1991.01
20.05.1991
Antarctic treaty
8k
16
Chinstrap Penguin Pygoscelis antarcticus
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