Kazakhstan is a landlocked country primarily in Central Asia, with a small portion in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbekistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, with a coastline along the Caspian Sea. Its capital is Astana, while the largest city and leading cultural and commercial hub is Almaty (which had been the capital city until 1997).
Kazakhstan is the world's ninth-largest country by land area and the largest landlocked country. Hilly plateaus and plains account for nearly half its vast territory, with lowlands composing another third; its southern and eastern frontiers are composed of mountainous regions. Kazakhstan has a population of 20 million and one of the lowest population densities in the world, with fewer than 6 people per square kilometre (16 people/mi2) Ethnic Kazakhs constitute a majority, while ethnic Russians form a significant minority. Officially secular, Kazakhstan is a Muslim-majority country with a sizeable Christian community.
Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the Paleolithic era. In antiquity, various nomadic Iranian peoples such as the Saka, Massagetae, and Scythians dominated the territory, with the Achaemenid Persian Empire expanding towards the south. Turkic nomads entered the region from the sixth century. In the 13th century, the area was subjugated by the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan. Following the disintegration of the Golden Horde in the 15th century, the Kazakh Khanate was established over an area roughly corresponding with modern Kazakhstan.
By the 18th century, the Kazakh Khanate had fragmented into three jüz (tribal divisions), which were gradually absorbed and conquered by the Russian Empire; by the mid-19th century, all of Kazakhstan was nominally under Russian rule. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution and subsequent Russian Civil War, it became an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR within the Soviet Union. Its status was elevated to that of a union republic in 1936. The Soviet government settled Russians and other ethnicities in the republic, which resulted in ethnic Kazakhs being a minority during the Soviet era. Kazakhstan was the last constituent republic of the Soviet Union to declare independence in 1991 during its dissolution.
Kazakhstan dominates Central Asia both economically and politically, accounting for 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil and gas industry; it also has vast mineral resources, ranking among the highest producers of iron and silver in the world. Kazakhstan also has the highest Human Development Index ranking in the region. It is a unitary constitutional republic; however, its government is authoritarian. Nevertheless, there have been incremental efforts at democratization and political reform since the resignation of Nursultan Nazarbayev in 2019, who had led the country since independence. Kazakhstan is a member state of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Commonwealth of Independent States, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Eurasian Economic Union, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Organization of Turkic States, International Organization of Turkic Culture and Special Guest status with the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly.
Face value | Family number | English name | Scientific name
1995.01
20.12.1995
Birds of prey
1t
78
White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla
3t
77
Osprey Pandion haliaetus
5t
78
Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus
6t
78
Himalayan Vulture Gyps himalayensis
30t
104
Saker Falcon Falco cherrug
50t
78
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos
1998.01
31.07.1998
Birds
15t
64
Black Stork Ciconia nigra
30t
35
Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus
50t
32
Siberian Crane Leucogeranus leucogeranus
1999.01
12.10.1999
Protect life on earth
3v sheet
45t
90
Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis
2001.01
07.06.2001
Owls
30t
80
Eurasian Eagle-Owl Bubo bubo
40t
80
Long-eared Owl Asio otus
50t
80
Northern Hawk-Owl Surnia ulula
2001.02
19.07.2001
Flora and fauna
6v sheet
12t
23
Great Bustard Otis tarda
25t
52
Relict Gull Ichthyaetus relictus
100t
73
Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus
2002.01
29.08.2002
Birds
10t
52
Pallas's Gull Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus
15t
32
Demoiselle Crane Grus virgo
2004.01
11.08.2004
Altyn Emel national reserve
3v sheet
50t
78
Cinereous Vulture Aegypius monachus
2006.01
29.12.2006
Kurgalzhinsky nature reserve
3v sheet
25t
35
Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus
100t
8
Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus
2007.01
15.11.2007
Definitives
20t
190
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica
25t
190
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica
=20t
50t
190
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica
=20t
100t
190
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica
=20t
2008.01
25.12.2008
Definitives
20t
78
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos
2010.01
24.11.2010
Ecology of the Caspian Sea
140t
35
Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus
140t
70
Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides
2010.02
30.12.2010
Bayanaul national park
3v sheet
32t
8
Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea
2011.01
21.04.2011
Europa
250t
168
Eurasian Magpie Pica pica
2011.02
14.12.2011
Urban birds
Click on thumbnail to launch image in popup 
250t
226
Common Blackbird Turdus merula
250t
224
Common Myna Acridotheres tristis
250t
184
Great Tit Parus major
250t
168
Rook Corvus frugilegus
250t
168
Eurasian Magpie Pica pica
250t
27
Rock Dove Columba livia
250t
168
Hooded Crow Corvus cornix
250t
232
House Sparrow Passer domesticus
2013.01
02.07.2013
50th anniversary of first woman in space
2v set
150t
52
Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis
2013.02
02.07.2013
50th anniversary of first woman in space
Sheet with 3 sets
2013.01
150t
52
Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis
2013.03
25.12.2013
Steppe birds
Sheet
150t
43
Sociable Lapwing Vanellus gregarius
150t
23
Little Bustard Tetrax tetrax
150t
78
Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis
150t
49
Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata
150t
8
White-headed Duck Oxyura leucocephala
150t
188
Black Lark Melanocorypha yeltoniensis
2013.04
25.12.2013
Ustyurt
3v sheet
190t
78
Short-toed Snake Eagle Circaetus gallicus
2015.01
12.01.2015
Naurzum nature reserve
3v sheet
200t
78
White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla
2016.01
08.04.2016
Aksu-Zhabagly nature reserve
3v sheet
200t
78
Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus
2016.02
02.11.2016
Khans
2v set
200t
78
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos
2016.03
08.12.2016
Alakol nature reserve
3v sheet
200t
52
Relict Gull Ichthyaetus relictus
200t
73
Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus
2019.01
19.12.2019
Europa
Sheet
500t
78
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos
500t
78
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos
500t
78
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos
2020.01
23.10.2020
Fauna
3v sheet
500t
80
Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus
2022.01
Nur Sultan botanical garden
700t
8
Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus
and
8
Black Swan Cygnus atratus
2022.02
18.10.2022
Unesco
3v sheet
600t
78
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos
2023.01
Birds
700t
8
Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus
700t
32
Common Crane Grus grus
2023.02
Falconry
700t
78
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos
2024.01
01.09.2024
Unesco
3v sheet
450t
32
Demoiselle Crane Grus virgo
Philately has been considered as an "auxiliary science of history" because it is based on the general principles of other sciences, which in turn contribute to enrich it. It acquires knowledge of the sciences, of the arts, of languages and opens an immense road of social relations through all countries. This science broadens broad horizons of culture, discovers artistic temperaments and offers the interest of the new and the unknown, while performing a positive therapeutic wor.
