Bosnia
and Herzegovina sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina, or simply Bosnia,
is a country in Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula.
Its
capital and largest city is Sarajevo. Bordered by Croatia to the north,
west and south, Serbia to the east, and Montenegro to the southeast,
Bosnia and Herzegovina is almost landlocked, except for the 20
kilometres (12 miles) of coastline on the Adriatic Sea surrounding the
town of Neum.
In the central and southern interior of
the country the geography is mountainous, in the northwest it is
moderately hilly, and the northeast is predominantly flatland. The
inland is a geographically larger region and has a moderate continental
climate, bookended by hot summers and cold and snowy winters. The
southern tip of the country has a Mediterranean climate and plain
topography.
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a region that
traces permanent human settlement back to the Neolithic age. Culturally,
politically and socially, the country has one of the richest histories
in the region, having been first settled by the Slavic peoples that
populate the area today from the 6th through to the 9th centuries AD.
They
then established the first independent banate in the region, known as
the Banate of Bosnia, in the early 12th century upon the arrival and
convergence of peoples that would eventually come to call themselves
Dobri Bošnjani ("Good Bosnians"). This evolved into the Kingdom of
Bosnia in the 14th century, after which it was annexed into the Ottoman
Empire, under whose rule it would remain from the mid 15th to the late
19th centuries.
The Ottomans brought Islam to the
region, and altered much of the cultural and social outlook of the
country. This was followed by annexation into the Austro-Hungarian
Monarchy, which lasted up until World War I. Following the dissolution
of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the country proclaimed
independence in 1992, which was followed by a bloody war, lasting until
late 1995.
Today, the country maintains high literacy,
life expectancy and education levels and is one of the most
frequently-visited countries in the region.
Bosnia and
Herzegovina is regionally and internationally renowned for its natural
beauty and cultural heritage inherited from six historical
civilizations, its cuisine, winter sports, its eclectic and unique
architecture and the Sarajevo Film Festival and Sarajevo Jazz Festival,
both the largest and most prominent of their kind in Southeastern
Europe.
The country is home to three ethnic groups or,
officially, constituent peoples, a term unique for Bosnia and
Herzegovina. Bosniaks are the largest group of the three, with Serbs
second and Croats third. Regardless of ethnicity, a citizen of Bosnia
and Herzegovina is often identified in English as a Bosnian.
The
terms Herzegovinian and Bosnian are maintained as a regional rather
than ethnic distinction, and the region of Herzegovina has no precisely
defined borders of its own. Moreover, the country was simply called
"Bosnia" (without Herzegovina) until the Austro-Hungarian occupation at
the end of the nineteenth century.
Bosnia and
Herzegovina has a bicameral legislature and a three-member Presidency
composed of a member of each major ethnic group. However, the central
government's power is highly limited, as the country is largely
decentralized and comprises two autonomous entities: the Federation of
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska, with a third region, the
Brčko District, governed under local government.
The
country is a potential candidate for membership to the European Union
and has been a candidate for NATO membership since April 2010, when it
received a Membership Action Plan at the summit in Tallinn.
Additionally, the country has been a member of the Council of Europe
since April 2002 and a founding member of the Mediterranean Union upon
its establishment in July 2008.
Face value | Family number | English name | Scientific name
| 1996.01 |
01.03.1996 |
Flora and fauna |
4v set |
|
| 1.20d |
181 |
Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris |
|
| 2000.01 |
12.04.2000 |
Bridges |
|
|
| 1m |
36 |
Western Osprey Pandion haliaetus |
|
| 1m |
18 |
Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan |
|
| and |
31 |
Northern Gannet Morus bassanus |
|
| and |
14 |
Mallard Anas platyrhynchos |
|
| 1m |
36 |
Western Osprey Pandion haliaetus |
|
| 1m |
36 |
Western Osprey Pandion haliaetus |
|
| 2000.02 |
06.09.2000 |
Olympic Games, Sydney |
|
|
| 2m |
5 |
Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae |
MS |
| 2004.01 |
27.08.2004 |
European nature protection |
2v strip |
|
| 1m |
213 |
Common Rock Thrush Monticola saxatilis |
|
| 0.50m |
46 |
Corn Crake Crex crex |
|
| 1m |
25 |
Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia |
|
| 2006.01 |
19.09.2006 |
Fauna |
2v set |
|
| 0.50m |
11 |
Western Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus |
|
| 2008.01 |
01.07.2008 |
150 years evolution theory |
|
|
| 1.50m |
232 |
Small Tree Finch Camarhynchus parvulus |
|
| and |
232 |
Large Ground Finch Geospiza magnirostris |
|
| and |
232 |
Medium Ground Finch Geospiza fortis |
|
| and |
232 |
Green Warbler-Finch Certhidea olivacea |
|
| 2008.02 |
12.08.2008 |
European nature protection |
|
|
| 1m |
24 |
White Stork Ciconia ciconia |
|
| 1m |
78 |
Tawny Owl Strix aluco |
|
| 2011.01 |
06.04.2011 |
Europa |
|
|
| 1m |
108 |
Middle Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos medius |
|
| 2m |
78 |
Ural Owl Strix uralensis |
|
| 2011.02 |
06.04.2011 |
Europa |
Booklet |
2011.01 |
| 1m |
108 |
Middle Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos medius |
ct |
| 1m |
108 |
Middle Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos medius |
cb |
| 1m |
108 |
Middle Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos medius |
cbr |
| 2m |
78 |
Ural Owl Strix uralensis |
ct |
| 2m |
78 |
Ural Owl Strix uralensis |
cb |
| 2m |
78 |
Ural Owl Strix uralensis |
ctr |
| 2011.03 |
10.05.2011 |
Birds of Bardaca |
|
|
| 0.90m |
14 |
Common Pochard Aythya ferina |
|
| 0.90m |
92 |
Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis |
|
| 0.90m |
14 |
Mute Swan Cygnus olor |
|
| 0.90m |
21 |
Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis |
|
| 2011.04 |
15.09.2011 |
Buzzard and Goshawk |
|
|
| 0.90m |
37 |
Common Buzzard Buteo buteo |
|
| 1.50m |
37 |
Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis |
|
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